Introduction

Halitosis, oral malodor, breath odor, mouth odor, foul breath, fetor oris, fetor ex ore, or most commonly bad breath are terms used to describe noticeably unpleasant odors exhaled in breathing – whether the smell is from an oral source or not. Halitosis has a significant impact — personally and socially — on those who suffer from it, and is estimated to be the 3rd most frequent reason for seeking dental aid, following tooth decay and periodontal disease.

In most cases (85-90%), bad breath originates in the mouth itself. The intensity of bad breath differs during the day, as a function of oral dryness, (which may be due to stress or fasting), eating certain foods (such as garlic, onions, meat, fish and cheese), obesity, smoking and alcohol consumption. Because the mouth is dry and inactive during the night, the odor is usually worse upon awakening ("morning breath"). Bad breath may be transient, often disappearing following eating, brushing one's teeth, flossing, and rinsing with specialised mouthwash.

Bad breath may also be persistent (chronic bad breath), which is a more serious condition, affecting some 25% of the population in varying degrees. It can negatively affect the individual's personal, social and business relationships, leading to poor self-esteem and increased stress.

In case of persistent bad breath it could be because of any gum disease, mouth disease, sinus disease or

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