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Diagnosis of Pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer is difficult to detect (find) and diagnose early.

Pancreatic cancer is difficult to detect and diagnose for the following reasons:

• There aren’t any noticeable signs or symptoms in the early stages of Pancreatic cancer.
• The signs of Pancreatic cancer, when present, are like the signs of many other illnesses
• Other organs include the stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder, spleen, and bile ducts conceal the pancreas.

Pancreatic cancer Images of the pancreas and surrounding tissue are typically obtained during tests and procedures used to diagnose pancreatic cancer. Staging is the procedure used to determine whether cancer cells have spread inside and around the pancreas:

• Chest x-ray: An x-ray of the organs and bones inside the chest is called a chest x-ray. An x-ray is a kind of energy beam that can pass through the body and capture images of internal organs on film.
• Physical examination and magical History: An examination of the body to look for overall health indicators , such as lumps or anything else that doesn't seem normal. The patient's medical history, including any previous illnesses and treatments, will also be recorded.
• CT scan (CAT scan): An imaging technique that produces a number of finely detailed images of inside body parts from various viewpoints. An x-ray machine and a computer are connected to create the images. A dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. Computed tomography, computerized tomography, and computerized axial tomography are other names for this process. A spiral or helical CT scan makes a series of very detailed pictures of areas inside the body using an x-ray machine that scans the body in a spiral path.
• Magnetic resonance imaging, or MRI: A process that creates a number of finely detailed images of various body parts using radio waves, a magnet, and a computer. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging is another name for this process (NMRI).
• The PET scanner takes pictures of the body's glucose utilization while it revolves around it. Because malignant tumor cells are more active than normal cells and absorb more glucose, they appear brighter in the image..
• Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS): An endoscope is put into the body during this operation, commonly through the mouth or the rectum. An endoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. Ultrasound, or high-energy sound waves, are reflected off interior tissues or organs by a probe at the end of the endoscope, creating echoes. A sonogram is an image of body tissues created by the echoes. This procedure is also called endosonography.
• Laparoscopy: A surgical procedure to look at the organs inside the abdomen to check for signs of disease. Small incisions (cuts) are made in the wall of the abdomen and a laparoscope (a thin, lighted tube) is inserted into one of the incisions. The same or different incisions may be used to implant additional equipment for tasks like organ removal or tissue sample collection for a biopsy.
• An x-ray: of the ducts (tubes) that transfer bile from the liver to the gallbladder and from the gallbladder to the small intestine is called an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, or ERCP. Jaundice can occasionally result from the narrowing of these ducts due to pancreatic cancer, which blocks or reduces the flow of bile. A narrow , illuminated tube called an endoscope is inserted into the first segment of the small intestine after passing through the mouth, esophagus, and stomach. A catheter (a smaller tube) is then inserted through the endoscope into the pancreatic ducts. An x-ray is taken after a dye is introduced into the ducts via the catheter. A little tube may be put into the duct to clear it if a tumor is obstructing it. In order to maintain the duct open, this tube (or stent) may be left in situ. Tissue samples may also be taken.
• Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC): X-raying of the liver and bile ducts is done through a procedure called percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC). The liver is reached by passing a thin needle through the skin beneath the ribs. An x-ray is taken after injecting dye into the liver or bile ducts. If a blockage is found, a thin, flexible tube called a stent is sometimes left in the liver to drain bile into the small intestine or a collection bag outside the body. This test is done only if ERCP cannot be done.
• Biopsy: The removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer. There are several ways to do a biopsy for Pancreatic cancer. A fine needle may be inserted into the pancreas during an x-ray or ultrasound to remove cells. Tissue may also be removed during a laparoscopy (a surgical incision made in the wall of the abdomen).