Tetanus
When to call the doctor
If you're unsure about the status of your tetanus immunization, it's best to call your doctor for guidance.
For any wound, seeking medical attention is crucial. If you haven't had a booster shot in the last 10 years, even a minor wound can pose a risk of tetanus.
When to go to the hospital
Most doctors can handle minor wounds with minimal contamination. They can also provide or update tetanus vaccinations. Always consult your doctor for advice after an injury.
However, if the wound is large, crushed, or heavily contaminated, it's important to head to the nearest hospital's emergency department. In such cases, both a tetanus booster and antibodies may be necessary.
If you experience muscle cramps or spasms near the injury, seek emergency care. Similarly, difficulty swallowing or facial muscle spasms warrant a trip to the emergency department.
Self-Care at Home
For any skin break, clean the wound with soap and running water. This step is vital in preventing tetanus.
Remember, all open wounds are susceptible, especially those from outdoor objects or crush injuries. Applying a clean, dry cloth can help stop bleeding, and applying direct pressure aids in minimizing blood loss.
Follow-up
Individuals who recover from tetanus typically experience no lasting effects.
Prevention
Both partially immunized and unimmunized adults should receive a tetanus vaccination.
The initial series for adults consists of three doses:
- The first and second doses are administered 4-8 weeks apart.
- The third dose follows 6 months after the second.
- Booster shots are required every 10 years thereafter.
For children, the immunization schedule includes 5 doses as part of the DTaP vaccine (diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis).
- One dose each at 2, 4, 6, and 15 months of age.
- This series concludes with a final dose between 4-6 years.
- Additional boosters are administered every 10 years.
Those who aren't fully immunized and sustain a wound prone to tetanus should receive both a tetanus booster and antibodies for short-term protection.
Prognosis and Risks
- Overall, 25-50% of people with generalized tetanus may not survive.
- The severity is greater when symptoms onset rapidly.
- Elderly and very young individuals are more susceptible to severe cases.
- Intensive medical care significantly improves prognosis in severe cases.
- Respiratory failure or irregular heart rhythms are common causes of death.